A variable star, as its name suggests, is a star whose magnitude varies intrinsically, in contrast to eclipsing binaries whose magnitude varies as a result of one star in the binary system eclipsing the other. True variables are one of five types, namely Mira stars, semiregular stars, cepheids, eruptive variables and, finally, cataclysmic variables. Minimum to maximum magnitude can range from days to many months with some variables displaying irregular periods.

A popular method for the study of variable stars, particularly short-term variables, is by the use of the technique known as "differential photometry". Rather than measure the (variable) magnitude of a variable star on an absolute scale, measurements are made over time relative to one or more non-variable star(s) and these differences are then plotted so as to study and illustrate the relative or differential change in magnitude. Due to the very large number of variables stars, the field of differential photometry represents one of the key fields in astronomy whereby the amateur astronomer can make a meaningful and long-lasting contribution to both science and astronomy.

More recently, the search for extrasolar planets (453 discovered so far) has identified yet another interesting application for the practice of differential photometry whereby the minute drops in magnitude of a star hosting an exoplanet are studied. Further details for the interested party are available here.

Note: The light curve for exoplanet WASP-14b in Bootes depicted below is one of the latest (and most massive) transitting exoplanets, having being announced in June/2008, and represents the fourteenth discovery by the WASP (Wide Angle Search for Planets) team. WASP-14b is characterized with a whopping mass 7.725 times that of Jupiter while its radius is equivalent to 1.259 Jupiter radii, thus making this exoplanet one of the densest discoveries to-date. WASP-14b requires 183.6 minutes to transit its parent star at a depth of 10.2 mmag or 1.02%. The parent star, GSC 1482:882, is an F5V star estimated to have a mass of 1.319 solar masses, a radius equivalent to 1.297 solar radii, a temperature of 6,475° K and to lie at a distance of 570 light-years away with a visual magnitude of 9.75. Further details regarding WASP-14 and WASP-14b are available in the paper published by the discovery team led by Y.C. Joshi et al here.

Note: The C- and K-stars used for the purposes of the differential photometry measurements depicted below were GSC 1482:261 (mag 9.78) and GSC 1482:83 (mag 10.39) respectively.